This was considered too dangerous to do with a crew on board, however, so the test was conducted after the crew had returned to Earth. Through the 1970s, the Soviet Union continued their project and test-fired a cannon to test space station defense. The deleterious and unfocused effects of the EMP test led to the banning of nuclear weapons in space in the Outer Space Treaty of 1967. The result was a deactivation of many then-orbiting satellites, both American and Soviet. One early test of electronic space warfare, the so-called Starfish Prime test, took place in 1962, when the United States exploded a ground-launched nuclear weapon in space to test the effects of an electromagnetic pulse. Similar planning in the United States took the form of the Blue Gemini project, which consisted of modified Gemini capsules that would be able to deploy weapons and perform surveillance. The history of active space warfare development goes back to the 1960s when the Soviet Union began the Almaz project, a project designed to give them the ability to do on-orbit inspections of satellites and destroy them if needed. International treaties governing space limit or regulate conflicts in space and limit the installation of weapon systems, especially nuclear weapons.Ī USAF F-15 Eagle launching an ASM-135 ASAT (anti-satellite) missile in 1985.Įarly efforts to conduct space warfare were directed at space-to-space warfare, as ground-to-space systems were considered to be too slow and too isolated by Earth's atmosphere and gravity to be effective. To date, there have been no human casualties resulting from conflict in space, nor has any ground target been successfully neutralized from orbit. In 2007 the People's Republic of China used a missile system to destroy one of its obsolete satellites (see 2007 Chinese anti-satellite missile test), and in 2008 the United States similarly destroyed its malfunctioning satellite USA 193. In the mid-1980s a USAF pilot in an F-15 successfully shot down the P78-1, a communications satellite in a 345-mile (555 km) orbit.
Only a few incidents of space warfare have occurred in world history, and all were training missions, as opposed to actions against real opposing forces. There is a Russian Space Force, which was established on August 10, 1992, and which became an independent section of the Russian military on June 1, 2001. From 1985 to 2002 there was a United States Space Command, which in 2002 merged with the United States Strategic Command.
Military in the early 1960s called Space and National Security which depicted space warfare.
For example, a rapid delivery system in which troops are deployed from orbit might be described as "space warfare," even though the military uses the term as described above.Ī film was produced by the U.S. It does not technically include space-to-ground warfare, where orbital objects attack ground, sea or air targets directly, but the public and media frequently use the term to include any conflict which includes space as a theater of operations, regardless of the intended target. It does not include the use of satellites for espionage, surveillance, or military communications, however use of those activities might be. Space warfare therefore includes ground-to-space warfare, such as attacking satellites from the Earth, as well as space-to-space warfare, such as satellites attacking satellites. Space warfare is combat that takes place in outer space, i.e.
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